Evolutionary anthropologists were quick to see the relevance of these ideas for humans, particularly the notion of a limited (male) and limiting (female) sex. In systems where gestation and lactation fall exclusively to females, where paternity certainty is never assured, and where paternal care is facultative, male fitness is seen as limited by competition over mates, and female fitness by access to resources (Emlen and Oring 1977 Wrangham 1980). The study of the sexual and reproductive strategies in mammals has been dominated by models predicated on the differential postzygotic investment of males and females. 1996), stepfather interference with children of a previous mate (Daly and Wilson 1985), or fitness costs for offspring of unstable or broken marriages (Flinn 1988). Women, in contrast, are generally thought to suffer from divorce, either in terms of time loss (Buckle et al. Such men can marry multiply, even in a prescriptively monogamous society, through a strategy of divorce and remarriage that excludes less-competitive men from the marriage market (Buckle et al. 2006), or otherwise viewed as attractive (see review in Gangestad and Simpson 2000), are more successful at accruing mates and producing children than others.
Multiple studies have demonstrated how some men, whether because they are tall (Mueller and Mazur 2001 Nettle 2002 Pawlowski 2000), rich (Borgerhoff Mulder 1988 Pollet and Netting 2007 Weeden et al. Serial monogamy is almost always viewed as favorable to male fitness and unfavorable to women’s fitness (e.g., Forsberg and Tullberg 1995 Käär et al. The implications for applications of sexual selection theory to humans are discussed, in particular the fact that in some populations women lead sexual and reproductive lives that are very different from those derived from a simple Bateman-Trivers model. Furthermore, Pimbwe women are the primary beneficiaries of multiple marriages. Several predictions derived from the view that serial monogamy is a reproductive strategy from which males benefit are not supported. In this paper, focused on humans, predictions are derived from conventional parental investment theory regarding expected outcomes associated with serial monogamy and are tested with new data from a postreproductive cohort of men and women in a primarily horticultural population in western Tanzania (Pimbwe).
Recent theoretical work in behavioral ecology suggests reality is more complex. Applications of sexual selection theory to humans lead us to expect that because of mammalian sex differences in obligate parental investment there will be gender differences in fitness variances, and males will benefit more than females from multiple mates.
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